Table of Contents

• Preface and Legal Notices
• 1 General Information
  • 1.1 About This Manual
  • 1.2 Overview of the MySQL Database Management System
    • 1.2.1 What is MySQL?
    • 1.2.2 The Main Features of MySQL
    • 1.2.3 History of MySQL
  • 1.3 What Is New in MySQL 5.6
  • 1.4 Server and Status Variables and Options Added, Deprecated, or Removed in MySQL 5.6
  • 1.5 How to Report Bugs or Problems
  • 1.6 MySQL Standards Compliance
    • 1.6.1 MySQL Extensions to Standard SQL
    • 1.6.2 MySQL Differences from Standard SQL
    • 1.6.3 How MySQL Deals with Constraints
  • 1.7 Credits
    • 1.7.1 Contributors to MySQL
    • 1.7.2 Documenters and translators
    • 1.7.3 Packages that support MySQL
    • 1.7.4 Tools that were used to create MySQL
    • 1.7.5 Supporters of MySQL
• 2 Installing and Upgrading MySQL
  • 2.1 General Installation Guidance
    • 2.1.1 Supported Platforms
    • 2.1.2 Which MySQL Version and Distribution to Install
    • 2.1.3 How to Get MySQL
    • 2.1.4 Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG
    • 2.1.5 Installation Layouts
    • 2.1.6 Compiler-Specific Build Characteristics
  • 2.2 Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux Using Generic Binaries
  • 2.3 Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows
    • 2.3.1 MySQL Installation Layout on Microsoft Windows
    • 2.3.2 Choosing an Installation Package
    • 2.3.3 MySQL Installer for Windows
    • 2.3.4 Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows Using a noinstall ZIP Archive
    • 2.3.5 Troubleshooting a Microsoft Windows MySQL Server Installation
    • 2.3.6 Windows Postinstallation Procedures
    • 2.3.7 Windows Platform Restrictions
  • 2.4 Installing MySQL on macOS
    • 2.4.1 General Notes on Installing MySQL on macOS
    • 2.4.2 Installing MySQL on macOS Using Native Packages
    • 2.4.3 Installing a MySQL Launch Daemon
    • 2.4.4 Installing and Using the MySQL Preference Pane
  • 2.5 Installing MySQL on Linux
    • 2.5.1 Installing MySQL on Linux Using the MySQL Yum Repository
    • 2.5.2 Replacing a Third-Party Distribution of MySQL Using the MySQL Yum Repository
    • 2.5.3 Installing MySQL on Linux Using the MySQL APT Repository
    • 2.5.4 Installing MySQL on Linux Using the MySQL SLES Repository
    • 2.5.5 Installing MySQL on Linux Using RPM Packages from Oracle
    • 2.5.6 Installing MySQL on Linux Using Debian Packages from Oracle
    • 2.5.7 Installing MySQL on Linux from the Native Software Repositories
    • 2.5.8 Deploying MySQL on Linux with Docker
    • 2.5.9 Installing MySQL on Linux with Juju
  • 2.6 Installing MySQL Using Unbreakable Linux Network (ULN)
  • 2.7 Installing MySQL on Solaris
    • 2.7.1 Installing MySQL on Solaris Using a Solaris PKG
  • 2.8 Installing MySQL on FreeBSD
  • 2.9 Installing MySQL from Source
    • 2.9.1 Source Installation Methods
    • 2.9.2 Source Installation Prerequisites
    • 2.9.3 MySQL Layout for Source Installation
    • 2.9.4 Installing MySQL Using a Standard Source Distribution
    • 2.9.5 Installing MySQL Using a Development Source Tree
    • 2.9.6 Configuring SSL Library Support
    • 2.9.7 MySQL Source-Configuration Options
    • 2.9.8 Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL
    • 2.9.9 MySQL Configuration and Third-Party Tools
  • 2.10 Postinstallation Setup and Testing
    • 2.10.1 Initializing the Data Directory
    • 2.10.2 Starting the Server
    • 2.10.3 Testing the Server
    • 2.10.4 Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts
    • 2.10.5 Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically
  • 2.11 Upgrading MySQL
    • 2.11.1 Before You Begin
    • 2.11.2 Upgrade Paths
    • 2.11.3 Changes in MySQL 5.6
    • 2.11.4 Upgrading MySQL Binary or Package-based Installations on Unix/Linux
    • 2.11.5 Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL Yum Repository
    • 2.11.6 Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL APT Repository
    • 2.11.7 Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL SLES Repository
    • 2.11.8 Upgrading MySQL on Windows
    • 2.11.9 Upgrade Troubleshooting
    • 2.11.10 Rebuilding or Repairing Tables or Indexes
    • 2.11.11 Copying MySQL Databases to Another Machine
  • 2.12 Downgrading MySQL
    • 2.12.1 Before You Begin
    • 2.12.2 Downgrade Paths
    • 2.12.3 Downgrade Notes
    • 2.12.4 Downgrading Binary and Package-based Installations on Unix/Linux
    • 2.12.5 Downgrade Troubleshooting
  • 2.13 Perl Installation Notes
    • 2.13.1 Installing Perl on Unix
    • 2.13.2 Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows
    • 2.13.3 Problems Using the Perl DBI/DBD Interface
• 3 Tutorial
  • 3.1 Connecting to and Disconnecting from the Server
  • 3.2 Entering Queries
  • 3.3 Creating and Using a Database
    • 3.3.1 Creating and Selecting a Database
    • 3.3.2 Creating a Table
    • 3.3.3 Loading Data into a Table
    • 3.3.4 Retrieving Information from a Table
  • 3.4 Getting Information About Databases and Tables
  • 3.5 Using mysql in Batch Mode
  • 3.6 Examples of Common Queries
    • 3.6.1 The Maximum Value for a Column
    • 3.6.2 The Row Holding the Maximum of a Certain Column
    • 3.6.3 Maximum of Column per Group
    • 3.6.4 The Rows Holding the Group-wise Maximum of a Certain Column
    • 3.6.5 Using User-Defined Variables
    • 3.6.6 Using Foreign Keys
    • 3.6.7 Searching on Two Keys
    • 3.6.8 Calculating Visits Per Day
    • 3.6.9 Using AUTO_INCREMENT
  • 3.7 Using MySQL with Apache
• 4 MySQL Programs
  • 4.1 Overview of MySQL Programs
  • 4.2 Using MySQL Programs
    • 4.2.1 Invoking MySQL Programs
    • 4.2.2 Specifying Program Options
    • 4.2.3 Command Options for Connecting to the Server
    • 4.2.4 Connecting to the MySQL Server Using Command Options
    • 4.2.5 Connection Transport Protocols
    • 4.2.6 Connection Compression Control
    • 4.2.7 Setting Environment Variables
  • 4.3 Server and Server-Startup Programs
    • 4.3.1 mysqld — The MySQL Server
    • 4.3.2 mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script
    • 4.3.3 mysql.server — MySQL Server Startup Script
    • 4.3.4 mysqld_multi — Manage Multiple MySQL Servers
  • 4.4 Installation-Related Programs
    • 4.4.1 comp_err — Compile MySQL Error Message File
    • 4.4.2 mysqlbug — Generate Bug Report
    • 4.4.3 mysql_install_db — Initialize MySQL Data Directory
    • 4.4.4 mysql_plugin — Configure MySQL Server Plugins
    • 4.4.5 mysql_secure_installation — Improve MySQL Installation Security
    • 4.4.6 mysql_tzinfo_to_sql — Load the Time Zone Tables
    • 4.4.7 mysql_upgrade — Check and Upgrade MySQL Tables
  • 4.5 Client Programs
    • 4.5.1 mysql — The MySQL Command-Line Client
    • 4.5.2 mysqladmin — A MySQL Server Administration Program
    • 4.5.3 mysqlcheck — A Table Maintenance Program
    • 4.5.4 mysqldump — A Database Backup Program
    • 4.5.5 mysqlimport — A Data Import Program
    • 4.5.6 mysqlshow — Display Database, Table, and Column Information
    • 4.5.7 mysqlslap — A Load Emulation Client
  • 4.6 Administrative and Utility Programs
    • 4.6.1 innochecksum — Offline InnoDB File Checksum Utility
    • 4.6.2 myisam_ftdump — Display Full-Text Index information
    • 4.6.3 myisamchk — MyISAM Table-Maintenance Utility
    • 4.6.4 myisamlog — Display MyISAM Log File Contents
    • 4.6.5 myisampack — Generate Compressed, Read-Only MyISAM Tables
    • 4.6.6 mysql_config_editor — MySQL Configuration Utility
    • 4.6.7 mysqlaccess — Client for Checking Access Privileges
    • 4.6.8 mysqlbinlog — Utility for Processing Binary Log Files
    • 4.6.9 mysqldumpslow — Summarize Slow Query Log Files
    • 4.6.10 mysqlhotcopy — A Database Backup Program
    • 4.6.11 mysql_convert_table_format — Convert Tables to Use a Given Storage Engine
    • 4.6.12 mysql_find_rows — Extract SQL Statements from Files
    • 4.6.13 mysql_fix_extensions — Normalize Table File Name Extensions
    • 4.6.14 mysql_setpermission — Interactively Set Permissions in Grant Tables
    • 4.6.15 mysql_waitpid — Kill Process and Wait for Its Termination
    • 4.6.16 mysql_zap — Kill Processes That Match a Pattern
  • 4.7 Program Development Utilities
    • 4.7.1 msql2mysql — Convert mSQL Programs for Use with MySQL
    • 4.7.2 mysql_config — Display Options for Compiling Clients
    • 4.7.3 my_print_defaults — Display Options from Option Files
    • 4.7.4 resolve_stack_dump — Resolve Numeric Stack Trace Dump to Symbols
  • 4.8 Miscellaneous Programs
    • 4.8.1 perror — Display MySQL Error Message Information
    • 4.8.2 replace — A String-Replacement Utility
    • 4.8.3 resolveip — Resolve Host name to IP Address or Vice Versa
  • 4.9 Environment Variables
  • 4.10 Unix Signal Handling in MySQL
• 5 MySQL Server Administration
  • 5.1 The MySQL Server
    • 5.1.1 Configuring the Server
    • 5.1.2 Server Configuration Defaults
    • 5.1.3 Server Option, System Variable, and Status Variable Reference
    • 5.1.4 Server System Variable Reference
    • 5.1.5 Server Status Variable Reference
    • 5.1.6 Server Command Options
    • 5.1.7 Server System Variables
    • 5.1.8 Using System Variables
    • 5.1.9 Server Status Variables
    • 5.1.10 Server SQL Modes
    • 5.1.11 Connection Management
    • 5.1.12 IPv6 Support
    • 5.1.13 MySQL Server Time Zone Support
    • 5.1.14 Server-Side Help Support
    • 5.1.15 The Server Shutdown Process
  • 5.2 The MySQL Data Directory
  • 5.3 The mysql System Database
  • 5.4 MySQL Server Logs
    • 5.4.1 Selecting General Query Log and Slow Query Log Output Destinations
    • 5.4.2 The Error Log
    • 5.4.3 The General Query Log
    • 5.4.4 The Binary Log
    • 5.4.5 The Slow Query Log
    • 5.4.6 The DDL Log
    • 5.4.7 Server Log Maintenance
  • 5.5 MySQL Server Plugins
    • 5.5.1 Installing and Uninstalling Plugins
    • 5.5.2 Obtaining Server Plugin Information
    • 5.5.3 MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool
    • 5.5.4 MySQL Plugin Services
  • 5.6 MySQL Server Loadable Functions
    • 5.6.1 Installing and Uninstalling Loadable Functions
    • 5.6.2 Obtaining Information About Loadable Functions
  • 5.7 Running Multiple MySQL Instances on One Machine
    • 5.7.1 Setting Up Multiple Data Directories
    • 5.7.2 Running Multiple MySQL Instances on Windows
    • 5.7.3 Running Multiple MySQL Instances on Unix
    • 5.7.4 Using Client Programs in a Multiple-Server Environment
  • 5.8 Debugging MySQL
    • 5.8.1 Debugging a MySQL Server
    • 5.8.2 Debugging a MySQL Client
    • 5.8.3 The DBUG Package
    • 5.8.4 Tracing mysqld Using DTrace
• 6 Security
  • 6.1 General Security Issues
    • 6.1.1 Security Guidelines
    • 6.1.2 Keeping Passwords Secure
    • 6.1.3 Making MySQL Secure Against Attackers
    • 6.1.4 Security-Related mysqld Options and Variables
    • 6.1.5 How to Run MySQL as a Normal User
    • 6.1.6 Security Considerations for LOAD DATA LOCAL
    • 6.1.7 Client Programming Security Guidelines
  • 6.2 Access Control and Account Management
    • 6.2.1 Account User Names and Passwords
    • 6.2.2 Privileges Provided by MySQL
    • 6.2.3 Grant Tables
    • 6.2.4 Specifying Account Names
    • 6.2.5 Access Control, Stage 1: Connection Verification
    • 6.2.6 Access Control, Stage 2: Request Verification
    • 6.2.7 Adding Accounts, Assigning Privileges, and Dropping Accounts
    • 6.2.8 When Privilege Changes Take Effect
    • 6.2.9 Assigning Account Passwords
    • 6.2.10 Server Handling of Expired Passwords
    • 6.2.11 Pluggable Authentication
    • 6.2.12 Proxy Users
    • 6.2.13 Setting Account Resource Limits
    • 6.2.14 Troubleshooting Problems Connecting to MySQL
    • 6.2.15 SQL-Based Account Activity Auditing
  • 6.3 Using Encrypted Connections
    • 6.3.1 Configuring MySQL to Use Encrypted Connections
    • 6.3.2 Encrypted Connection TLS Protocols and Ciphers
    • 6.3.3 Creating SSL and RSA Certificates and Keys
    • 6.3.4 SSL Library-Dependent Capabilities
    • 6.3.5 Connecting to MySQL Remotely from Windows with SSH
  • 6.4 Security Plugins
    • 6.4.1 Authentication Plugins
    • 6.4.2 The Connection-Control Plugins
    • 6.4.3 The Password Validation Plugin
    • 6.4.4 MySQL Enterprise Audit
    • 6.4.5 MySQL Enterprise Firewall
  • 6.5 MySQL Enterprise Encryption
    • 6.5.1 MySQL Enterprise Encryption Installation
    • 6.5.2 MySQL Enterprise Encryption Usage and Examples
    • 6.5.3 MySQL Enterprise Encryption Function Reference
    • 6.5.4 MySQL Enterprise Encryption Function Descriptions
  • 6.6 SELinux
    • 6.6.1 Check if SELinux is Enabled
    • 6.6.2 Changing the SELinux Mode
    • 6.6.3 MySQL Server SELinux Policies
    • 6.6.4 SELinux File Context
    • 6.6.5 SELinux TCP Port Context
    • 6.6.6 Troubleshooting SELinux
• 7 Backup and Recovery
  • 7.1 Backup and Recovery Types
  • 7.2 Database Backup Methods
  • 7.3 Example Backup and Recovery Strategy
    • 7.3.1 Establishing a Backup Policy
    • 7.3.2 Using Backups for Recovery
    • 7.3.3 Backup Strategy Summary
  • 7.4 Using mysqldump for Backups
    • 7.4.1 Dumping Data in SQL Format with mysqldump
    • 7.4.2 Reloading SQL-Format Backups
    • 7.4.3 Dumping Data in Delimited-Text Format with mysqldump
    • 7.4.4 Reloading Delimited-Text Format Backups
    • 7.4.5 mysqldump Tips
  • 7.5 Point-in-Time (Incremental) Recovery Using the Binary Log
    • 7.5.1 Point-in-Time Recovery Using Event Times
    • 7.5.2 Point-in-Time Recovery Using Event Positions
  • 7.6 MyISAM Table Maintenance and Crash Recovery
    • 7.6.1 Using myisamchk for Crash Recovery
    • 7.6.2 How to Check MyISAM Tables for Errors
    • 7.6.3 How to Repair MyISAM Tables
    • 7.6.4 MyISAM Table Optimization
    • 7.6.5 Setting Up a MyISAM Table Maintenance Schedule
• 8 Optimization
  • 8.1 Optimization Overview
  • 8.2 Optimizing SQL Statements
    • 8.2.1 Optimizing SELECT Statements
    • 8.2.2 Optimizing Subqueries and Derived Tables
    • 8.2.3 Optimizing INFORMATION_SCHEMA Queries
    • 8.2.4 Optimizing Data Change Statements
    • 8.2.5 Optimizing Database Privileges
    • 8.2.6 Other Optimization Tips
  • 8.3 Optimization and Indexes
    • 8.3.1 How MySQL Uses Indexes
    • 8.3.2 Primary Key Optimization
    • 8.3.3 Foreign Key Optimization
    • 8.3.4 Column Indexes
    • 8.3.5 Multiple-Column Indexes
    • 8.3.6 Verifying Index Usage
    • 8.3.7 InnoDB and MyISAM Index Statistics Collection
    • 8.3.8 Comparison of B-Tree and Hash Indexes
    • 8.3.9 Use of Index Extensions
    • 8.3.10 Indexed Lookups from TIMESTAMP Columns
  • 8.4 Optimizing Database Structure
    • 8.4.1 Optimizing Data Size
    • 8.4.2 Optimizing MySQL Data Types
    • 8.4.3 Optimizing for Many Tables
    • 8.4.4 Internal Temporary Table Use in MySQL
    • 8.4.5 Limits on Number of Databases and Tables
    • 8.4.6 Limits on Table Size
    • 8.4.7 Limits on Table Column Count and Row Size
  • 8.5 Optimizing for InnoDB Tables
    • 8.5.1 Optimizing Storage Layout for InnoDB Tables
    • 8.5.2 Optimizing InnoDB Transaction Management
    • 8.5.3 Optimizing InnoDB Read-Only Transactions
    • 8.5.4 Optimizing InnoDB Redo Logging
    • 8.5.5 Bulk Data Loading for InnoDB Tables
    • 8.5.6 Optimizing InnoDB Queries
    • 8.5.7 Optimizing InnoDB DDL Operations
    • 8.5.8 Optimizing InnoDB Disk I/O
    • 8.5.9 Optimizing InnoDB Configuration Variables
    • 8.5.10 Optimizing InnoDB for Systems with Many Tables
  • 8.6 Optimizing for MyISAM Tables
    • 8.6.1 Optimizing MyISAM Queries
    • 8.6.2 Bulk Data Loading for MyISAM Tables
    • 8.6.3 Optimizing REPAIR TABLE Statements
  • 8.7 Optimizing for MEMORY Tables
  • 8.8 Understanding the Query Execution Plan
    • 8.8.1 Optimizing Queries with EXPLAIN
    • 8.8.2 EXPLAIN Output Format
    • 8.8.3 Extended EXPLAIN Output Format
    • 8.8.4 Estimating Query Performance
  • 8.9 Controlling the Query Optimizer
    • 8.9.1 Controlling Query Plan Evaluation
    • 8.9.2 Switchable Optimizations
    • 8.9.3 Index Hints
  • 8.10 Buffering and Caching
    • 8.10.1 InnoDB Buffer Pool Optimization
    • 8.10.2 The MyISAM Key Cache
    • 8.10.3 The MySQL Query Cache
    • 8.10.4 Caching of Prepared Statements and Stored Programs
  • 8.11 Optimizing Locking Operations
    • 8.11.1 Internal Locking Methods
    • 8.11.2 Table Locking Issues
    • 8.11.3 Concurrent Inserts
    • 8.11.4 Metadata Locking
    • 8.11.5 External Locking
  • 8.12 Optimizing the MySQL Server
    • 8.12.1 System Factors
    • 8.12.2 Optimizing Disk I/O
    • 8.12.3 Using Symbolic Links
    • 8.12.4 Optimizing Memory Use
  • 8.13 Measuring Performance (Benchmarking)
    • 8.13.1 Measuring the Speed of Expressions and Functions
    • 8.13.2 The MySQL Benchmark Suite
    • 8.13.3 Using Your Own Benchmarks
    • 8.13.4 Measuring Performance with performance_schema
  • 8.14 Examining Server Thread (Process) Information
    • 8.14.1 Accessing the Process List
    • 8.14.2 Thread Command Values
    • 8.14.3 General Thread States
    • 8.14.4 Delayed-Insert Thread States
    • 8.14.5 Query Cache Thread States
    • 8.14.6 Replication Source Thread States
    • 8.14.7 Replication Replica I/O Thread States
    • 8.14.8 Replication Replica SQL Thread States
    • 8.14.9 Replication Replica Connection Thread States
    • 8.14.10 NDB Cluster Thread States
    • 8.14.11 Event Scheduler Thread States
• 9 Language Structure
  • 9.1 Literal Values
    • 9.1.1 String Literals
    • 9.1.2 Numeric Literals
    • 9.1.3 Date and Time Literals
    • 9.1.4 Hexadecimal Literals
    • 9.1.5 Bit-Value Literals
    • 9.1.6 Boolean Literals
    • 9.1.7 NULL Values
  • 9.2 Schema Object Names
    • 9.2.1 Identifier Length Limits
    • 9.2.2 Identifier Qualifiers
    • 9.2.3 Identifier Case Sensitivity
    • 9.2.4 Mapping of Identifiers to File Names
    • 9.2.5 Function Name Parsing and Resolution
  • 9.3 Keywords and Reserved Words
  • 9.4 User-Defined Variables
  • 9.5 Expressions
  • 9.6 Comments
• 10 Character Sets, Collations, Unicode
  • 10.1 Character Sets and Collations in General
  • 10.2 Character Sets and Collations in MySQL
    • 10.2.1 Character Set Repertoire
    • 10.2.2 UTF-8 for Metadata
  • 10.3 Specifying Character Sets and Collations
    • 10.3.1 Collation Naming Conventions
    • 10.3.2 Server Character Set and Collation
    • 10.3.3 Database Character Set and Collation
    • 10.3.4 Table Character Set and Collation
    • 10.3.5 Column Character Set and Collation
    • 10.3.6 Character String Literal Character Set and Collation
    • 10.3.7 The National Character Set
    • 10.3.8 Character Set Introducers
    • 10.3.9 Examples of Character Set and Collation Assignment
    • 10.3.10 Compatibility with Other DBMSs
  • 10.4 Connection Character Sets and Collations
  • 10.5 Configuring Application Character Set and Collation
  • 10.6 Error Message Character Set
  • 10.7 Column Character Set Conversion
  • 10.8 Collation Issues
    • 10.8.1 Using COLLATE in SQL Statements
    • 10.8.2 COLLATE Clause Precedence
    • 10.8.3 Character Set and Collation Compatibility
    • 10.8.4 Collation Coercibility in Expressions
    • 10.8.5 The binary Collation Compared to _bin Collations
    • 10.8.6 Examples of the Effect of Collation
    • 10.8.7 Using Collation in INFORMATION_SCHEMA Searches
  • 10.9 Unicode Support
    • 10.9.1 The utf8mb4 Character Set (4-Byte UTF-8 Unicode Encoding)
    • 10.9.2 The utf8mb3 Character Set (3-Byte UTF-8 Unicode Encoding)
    • 10.9.3 The utf8 Character Set (Alias for utf8mb3)
    • 10.9.4 The ucs2 Character Set (UCS-2 Unicode Encoding)
    • 10.9.5 The utf16 Character Set (UTF-16 Unicode Encoding)
    • 10.9.6 The utf16le Character Set (UTF-16LE Unicode Encoding)
    • 10.9.7 The utf32 Character Set (UTF-32 Unicode Encoding)
    • 10.9.8 Converting Between 3-Byte and 4-Byte Unicode Character Sets
  • 10.10 Supported Character Sets and Collations
    • 10.10.1 Unicode Character Sets
    • 10.10.2 West European Character Sets
    • 10.10.3 Central European Character Sets
    • 10.10.4 South European and Middle East Character Sets
    • 10.10.5 Baltic Character Sets
    • 10.10.6 Cyrillic Character Sets
    • 10.10.7 Asian Character Sets
    • 10.10.8 The Binary Character Set
  • 10.11 Restrictions on Character Sets
  • 10.12 Setting the Error Message Language
  • 10.13 Adding a Character Set
    • 10.13.1 Character Definition Arrays
    • 10.13.2 String Collating Support for Complex Character Sets
    • 10.13.3 Multi-Byte Character Support for Complex Character Sets
  • 10.14 Adding a Collation to a Character Set
    • 10.14.1 Collation Implementation Types
    • 10.14.2 Choosing a Collation ID
    • 10.14.3 Adding a Simple Collation to an 8-Bit Character Set
    • 10.14.4 Adding a UCA Collation to a Unicode Character Set
  • 10.15 Character Set Configuration
  • 10.16 MySQL Server Locale Support
• 11 Data Types
  • 11.1 Numeric Data Types
    • 11.1.1 Numeric Data Type Syntax
    • 11.1.2 Integer Types (Exact Value) - INTEGER, INT, SMALLINT, TINYINT, MEDIUMINT, BIGINT
    • 11.1.3 Fixed-Point Types (Exact Value) - DECIMAL, NUMERIC
    • 11.1.4 Floating-Point Types (Approximate Value) - FLOAT, DOUBLE
    • 11.1.5 Bit-Value Type - BIT
    • 11.1.6 Numeric Type Attributes
    • 11.1.7 Out-of-Range and Overflow Handling
  • 11.2 Date and Time Data Types
    • 11.2.1 Date and Time Data Type Syntax
    • 11.2.2 The DATE, DATETIME, and TIMESTAMP Types
    • 11.2.3 The TIME Type
    • 11.2.4 The YEAR Type
    • 11.2.5 2-Digit YEAR(2) Limitations and Migrating to 4-Digit YEAR
    • 11.2.6 Automatic Initialization and Updating for TIMESTAMP and DATETIME
    • 11.2.7 Fractional Seconds in Time Values
    • 11.2.8 Conversion Between Date and Time Types
    • 11.2.9 2-Digit Years in Dates
  • 11.3 String Data Types
    • 11.3.1 String Data Type Syntax
    • 11.3.2 The CHAR and VARCHAR Types
    • 11.3.3 The BINARY and VARBINARY Types
    • 11.3.4 The BLOB and TEXT Types
    • 11.3.5 The ENUM Type
    • 11.3.6 The SET Type
  • 11.4 Spatial Data Types
    • 11.4.1 Spatial Data Types
    • 11.4.2 The OpenGIS Geometry Model
    • 11.4.3 Supported Spatial Data Formats
    • 11.4.4 Creating Spatial Columns
    • 11.4.5 Populating Spatial Columns
    • 11.4.6 Fetching Spatial Data
    • 11.4.7 Optimizing Spatial Analysis
    • 11.4.8 Creating Spatial Indexes
    • 11.4.9 Using Spatial Indexes
  • 11.5 Data Type Default Values
  • 11.6 Data Type Storage Requirements
  • 11.7 Choosing the Right Type for a Column
  • 11.8 Using Data Types from Other Database Engines
• 12 Functions and Operators
  • 12.1 Built-In Function and Operator Reference
  • 12.2 Loadable Function Reference
  • 12.3 Type Conversion in Expression Evaluation
  • 12.4 Operators
    • 12.4.1 Operator Precedence
    • 12.4.2 Comparison Functions and Operators
    • 12.4.3 Logical Operators
    • 12.4.4 Assignment Operators
  • 12.5 Flow Control Functions
  • 12.6 Numeric Functions and Operators
    • 12.6.1 Arithmetic Operators
    • 12.6.2 Mathematical Functions
  • 12.7 Date and Time Functions
  • 12.8 String Functions and Operators
    • 12.8.1 String Comparison Functions and Operators
    • 12.8.2 Regular Expressions
    • 12.8.3 Character Set and Collation of Function Results
  • 12.9 What Calendar Is Used By MySQL?
  • 12.10 Full-Text Search Functions
    • 12.10.1 Natural Language Full-Text Searches
    • 12.10.2 Boolean Full-Text Searches
    • 12.10.3 Full-Text Searches with Query Expansion
    • 12.10.4 Full-Text Stopwords
    • 12.10.5 Full-Text Restrictions
    • 12.10.6 Fine-Tuning MySQL Full-Text Search
    • 12.10.7 Adding a User-Defined Collation for Full-Text Indexing
  • 12.11 Cast Functions and Operators
  • 12.12 XML Functions
  • 12.13 Bit Functions and Operators
  • 12.14 Encryption and Compression Functions
  • 12.15 Locking Functions
  • 12.16 Information Functions
  • 12.17 Spatial Analysis Functions
    • 12.17.1 Spatial Function Reference
    • 12.17.2 Argument Handling by Spatial Functions
    • 12.17.3 Functions That Create Geometry Values from WKT Values
    • 12.17.4 Functions That Create Geometry Values from WKB Values
    • 12.17.5 MySQL-Specific Functions That Create Geometry Values
    • 12.17.6 Geometry Format Conversion Functions
    • 12.17.7 Geometry Property Functions
    • 12.17.8 Spatial Operator Functions
    • 12.17.9 Functions That Test Spatial Relations Between Geometry Objects
  • 12.18 Functions Used with Global Transaction IDs
  • 12.19 Aggregate Functions
    • 12.19.1 Aggregate Function Descriptions
    • 12.19.2 GROUP BY Modifiers
    • 12.19.3 MySQL Handling of GROUP BY
  • 12.20 Miscellaneous Functions
  • 12.21 Precision Math
    • 12.21.1 Types of Numeric Values
    • 12.21.2 DECIMAL Data Type Characteristics
    • 12.21.3 Expression Handling
    • 12.21.4 Rounding Behavior
    • 12.21.5 Precision Math Examples
• 13 SQL Statements
  • 13.1 Data Definition Statements
    • 13.1.1 ALTER DATABASE Statement
    • 13.1.2 ALTER EVENT Statement
    • 13.1.3 ALTER FUNCTION Statement
    • 13.1.4 ALTER LOGFILE GROUP Statement
    • 13.1.5 ALTER PROCEDURE Statement
    • 13.1.6 ALTER SERVER Statement
    • 13.1.7 ALTER TABLE Statement
    • 13.1.8 ALTER TABLESPACE Statement
    • 13.1.9 ALTER VIEW Statement
    • 13.1.10 CREATE DATABASE Statement
    • 13.1.11 CREATE EVENT Statement
    • 13.1.12 CREATE FUNCTION Statement
    • 13.1.13 CREATE INDEX Statement
    • 13.1.14 CREATE LOGFILE GROUP Statement
    • 13.1.15 CREATE PROCEDURE and CREATE FUNCTION Statements
    • 13.1.16 CREATE SERVER Statement
    • 13.1.17 CREATE TABLE Statement
    • 13.1.18 CREATE TABLESPACE Statement
    • 13.1.19 CREATE TRIGGER Statement
    • 13.1.20 CREATE VIEW Statement
    • 13.1.21 DROP DATABASE Statement
    • 13.1.22 DROP EVENT Statement
    • 13.1.23 DROP FUNCTION Statement
    • 13.1.24 DROP INDEX Statement
    • 13.1.25 DROP LOGFILE GROUP Statement
    • 13.1.26 DROP PROCEDURE and DROP FUNCTION Statements
    • 13.1.27 DROP SERVER Statement
    • 13.1.28 DROP TABLE Statement
    • 13.1.29 DROP TABLESPACE Statement
    • 13.1.30 DROP TRIGGER Statement
    • 13.1.31 DROP VIEW Statement
    • 13.1.32 RENAME TABLE Statement
    • 13.1.33 TRUNCATE TABLE Statement
  • 13.2 Data Manipulation Statements
    • 13.2.1 CALL Statement
    • 13.2.2 DELETE Statement
    • 13.2.3 DO Statement
    • 13.2.4 HANDLER Statement
    • 13.2.5 INSERT Statement
    • 13.2.6 LOAD DATA Statement
    • 13.2.7 LOAD XML Statement
    • 13.2.8 REPLACE Statement
    • 13.2.9 SELECT Statement
    • 13.2.10 Subqueries
    • 13.2.11 UPDATE Statement
  • 13.3 Transactional and Locking Statements
    • 13.3.1 START TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK Statements
    • 13.3.2 Statements That Cannot Be Rolled Back
    • 13.3.3 Statements That Cause an Implicit Commit
    • 13.3.4 SAVEPOINT, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT, and RELEASE SAVEPOINT Statements
    • 13.3.5 LOCK TABLES and UNLOCK TABLES Statements
    • 13.3.6 SET TRANSACTION Statement
    • 13.3.7 XA Transactions
  • 13.4 Replication Statements
    • 13.4.1 SQL Statements for Controlling Replication Source Servers
    • 13.4.2 SQL Statements for Controlling Replica Servers
  • 13.5 Prepared Statements
    • 13.5.1 PREPARE Statement
    • 13.5.2 EXECUTE Statement
    • 13.5.3 DEALLOCATE PREPARE Statement
  • 13.6 Compound Statements
    • 13.6.1 BEGIN ... END Compound Statement
    • 13.6.2 Statement Labels
    • 13.6.3 DECLARE Statement
    • 13.6.4 Variables in Stored Programs
    • 13.6.5 Flow Control Statements
    • 13.6.6 Cursors
    • 13.6.7 Condition Handling
  • 13.7 Database Administration Statements
    • 13.7.1 Account Management Statements
    • 13.7.2 Table Maintenance Statements
    • 13.7.3 Plugin and Loadable Function Statements
    • 13.7.4 SET Statements
    • 13.7.5 SHOW Statements
    • 13.7.6 Other Administrative Statements
  • 13.8 Utility Statements
    • 13.8.1 DESCRIBE Statement
    • 13.8.2 EXPLAIN Statement
    • 13.8.3 HELP Statement
    • 13.8.4 USE Statement
• 14 The InnoDB Storage Engine
  • 14.1 Introduction to InnoDB
    • 14.1.1 Benefits of Using InnoDB Tables
    • 14.1.2 Best Practices for InnoDB Tables
    • 14.1.3 Checking InnoDB Availability
    • 14.1.4 Testing and Benchmarking with InnoDB
    • 14.1.5 Turning Off InnoDB
  • 14.2 InnoDB and the ACID Model
  • 14.3 InnoDB Multi-Versioning
  • 14.4 InnoDB Architecture
  • 14.5 InnoDB In-Memory Structures
    • 14.5.1 Buffer Pool
    • 14.5.2 Change Buffer
    • 14.5.3 Adaptive Hash Index
    • 14.5.4 Log Buffer
  • 14.6 InnoDB On-Disk Structures
    • 14.6.1 Tables
    • 14.6.2 Indexes
    • 14.6.3 Tablespaces
    • 14.6.4 InnoDB Data Dictionary
    • 14.6.5 Doublewrite Buffer
    • 14.6.6 Redo Log
    • 14.6.7 Undo Logs
  • 14.7 InnoDB Locking and Transaction Model
    • 14.7.1 InnoDB Locking
    • 14.7.2 InnoDB Transaction Model
    • 14.7.3 Locks Set by Different SQL Statements in InnoDB
    • 14.7.4 Phantom Rows
    • 14.7.5 Deadlocks in InnoDB
  • 14.8 InnoDB Configuration
    • 14.8.1 InnoDB Startup Configuration
    • 14.8.2 Configuring InnoDB for Read-Only Operation
    • 14.8.3 InnoDB Buffer Pool Configuration
    • 14.8.4 Configuring the Memory Allocator for InnoDB
    • 14.8.5 Configuring Thread Concurrency for InnoDB
    • 14.8.6 Configuring the Number of Background InnoDB I/O Threads
    • 14.8.7 Using Asynchronous I/O on Linux
    • 14.8.8 Configuring InnoDB I/O Capacity
    • 14.8.9 Configuring Spin Lock Polling
    • 14.8.10 Purge Configuration
    • 14.8.11 Configuring Optimizer Statistics for InnoDB
    • 14.8.12 Configuring the Merge Threshold for Index Pages
  • 14.9 InnoDB Table Compression
    • 14.9.1 Overview of Table Compression
    • 14.9.2 Enabling Compression for a Table
    • 14.9.3 Tuning Compression for InnoDB Tables
    • 14.9.4 Monitoring InnoDB Table Compression at Runtime
    • 14.9.5 How Compression Works for InnoDB Tables
    • 14.9.6 Compression for OLTP Workloads
    • 14.9.7 SQL Compression Syntax Warnings and Errors
  • 14.10 InnoDB File-Format Management
    • 14.10.1 Enabling File Formats
    • 14.10.2 Verifying File Format Compatibility
    • 14.10.3 Identifying the File Format in Use
    • 14.10.4 Modifying the File Format
  • 14.11 InnoDB Row Formats
  • 14.12 InnoDB Disk I/O and File Space Management
    • 14.12.1 InnoDB Disk I/O
    • 14.12.2 File Space Management
    • 14.12.3 InnoDB Checkpoints
    • 14.12.4 Defragmenting a Table
    • 14.12.5 Reclaiming Disk Space with TRUNCATE TABLE
  • 14.13 InnoDB and Online DDL
    • 14.13.1 Online DDL Operations
    • 14.13.2 Online DDL Performance and Concurrency
    • 14.13.3 Online DDL Space Requirements
    • 14.13.4 Simplifying DDL Statements with Online DDL
    • 14.13.5 Online DDL Failure Conditions
    • 14.13.6 Online DDL Limitations
  • 14.14 InnoDB Startup Options and System Variables
  • 14.15 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables
    • 14.15.1 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables about Compression
    • 14.15.2 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Transaction and Locking Information
    • 14.15.3 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA System Tables
    • 14.15.4 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA FULLTEXT Index Tables
    • 14.15.5 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Buffer Pool Tables
    • 14.15.6 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Metrics Table
  • 14.16 InnoDB Integration with MySQL Performance Schema
    • 14.16.1 Monitoring InnoDB Mutex Waits Using Performance Schema
  • 14.17 InnoDB Monitors
    • 14.17.1 InnoDB Monitor Types
    • 14.17.2 Enabling InnoDB Monitors
    • 14.17.3 InnoDB Standard Monitor and Lock Monitor Output
    • 14.17.4 InnoDB Tablespace Monitor Output
    • 14.17.5 InnoDB Table Monitor Output
  • 14.18 InnoDB Backup and Recovery
    • 14.18.1 InnoDB Backup
    • 14.18.2 InnoDB Recovery
  • 14.19 InnoDB and MySQL Replication
  • 14.20 InnoDB memcached Plugin
    • 14.20.1 Benefits of the InnoDB memcached Plugin
    • 14.20.2 InnoDB memcached Architecture
    • 14.20.3 Setting Up the InnoDB memcached Plugin
    • 14.20.4 Security Considerations for the InnoDB memcached Plugin
    • 14.20.5 Writing Applications for the InnoDB memcached Plugin
    • 14.20.6 The InnoDB memcached Plugin and Replication
    • 14.20.7 InnoDB memcached Plugin Internals
    • 14.20.8 Troubleshooting the InnoDB memcached Plugin
  • 14.21 InnoDB Troubleshooting
    • 14.21.1 Troubleshooting InnoDB I/O Problems
    • 14.21.2 Forcing InnoDB Recovery
    • 14.21.3 Troubleshooting InnoDB Data Dictionary Operations
    • 14.21.4 InnoDB Error Handling
  • 14.22 InnoDB Limits
  • 14.23 InnoDB Restrictions and Limitations
• 15 Alternative Storage Engines
  • 15.1 Setting the Storage Engine
  • 15.2 The MyISAM Storage Engine
    • 15.2.1 MyISAM Startup Options
    • 15.2.2 Space Needed for Keys
    • 15.2.3 MyISAM Table Storage Formats
    • 15.2.4 MyISAM Table Problems
  • 15.3 The MEMORY Storage Engine
  • 15.4 The CSV Storage Engine
    • 15.4.1 Repairing and Checking CSV Tables
    • 15.4.2 CSV Limitations
  • 15.5 The ARCHIVE Storage Engine
  • 15.6 The BLACKHOLE Storage Engine
  • 15.7 The MERGE Storage Engine
    • 15.7.1 MERGE Table Advantages and Disadvantages
    • 15.7.2 MERGE Table Problems
  • 15.8 The FEDERATED Storage Engine
    • 15.8.1 FEDERATED Storage Engine Overview
    • 15.8.2 How to Create FEDERATED Tables
    • 15.8.3 FEDERATED Storage Engine Notes and Tips
    • 15.8.4 FEDERATED Storage Engine Resources
  • 15.9 The EXAMPLE Storage Engine
  • 15.10 Other Storage Engines
  • 15.11 Overview of MySQL Storage Engine Architecture
    • 15.11.1 Pluggable Storage Engine Architecture
    • 15.11.2 The Common Database Server Layer
• 16 High Availability and Scalability
  • 16.1 Using ZFS Replication
    • 16.1.1 Using ZFS for File System Replication
    • 16.1.2 Configuring MySQL for ZFS Replication
    • 16.1.3 Handling MySQL Recovery with ZFS
  • 16.2 Using MySQL with memcached
    • 16.2.1 Installing memcached
    • 16.2.2 Using memcached
    • 16.2.3 Developing a memcached Application
    • 16.2.4 Getting memcached Statistics
    • 16.2.5 memcached FAQ
• 17 Replication
  • 17.1 Replication Configuration
    • 17.1.1 How to Set Up Replication
    • 17.1.2 Replication Formats
    • 17.1.3 Replication with Global Transaction Identifiers
    • 17.1.4 Replication and Binary Logging Options and Variables
    • 17.1.5 Common Replication Administration Tasks
  • 17.2 Replication Implementation
    • 17.2.1 Replication Threads
    • 17.2.2 Relay Log and Replication Metadata Repositories
    • 17.2.3 How Servers Evaluate Replication Filtering Rules
  • 17.3 Replication Solutions
    • 17.3.1 Using Replication for Backups
    • 17.3.2 Handling an Unexpected Halt of a Replica Server
    • 17.3.3 Using Replication with Different Source and Replica Storage Engines
    • 17.3.4 Using Replication for Scale-Out
    • 17.3.5 Replicating Different Databases to Different Replicas
    • 17.3.6 Improving Replication Performance
    • 17.3.7 Switching Sources During Failover
    • 17.3.8 Setting Up Replication to Use Encrypted Connections
    • 17.3.9 Semisynchronous Replication
    • 17.3.10 Delayed Replication
  • 17.4 Replication Notes and Tips
    • 17.4.1 Replication Features and Issues
    • 17.4.2 Replication Compatibility Between MySQL Versions
    • 17.4.3 Upgrading a Replication Setup
    • 17.4.4 Troubleshooting Replication
    • 17.4.5 How to Report Replication Bugs or Problems
• 18 MySQL NDB Cluster 7.3 and NDB Cluster 7.4
  • 18.1 General Information
  • 18.2 NDB Cluster Overview
    • 18.2.1 NDB Cluster Core Concepts
    • 18.2.2 NDB Cluster Nodes, Node Groups, Fragment Replicas, and Partitions
    • 18.2.3 NDB Cluster Hardware, Software, and Networking Requirements
    • 18.2.4 What is New in MySQL NDB Cluster
    • 18.2.5 NDB: Added, Deprecated, and Removed Options, Variables, and Parameters
    • 18.2.6 MySQL Server Using InnoDB Compared with NDB Cluster
    • 18.2.7 Known Limitations of NDB Cluster
  • 18.3 NDB Cluster Installation
    • 18.3.1 Installation of NDB Cluster on Linux
    • 18.3.2 Installing NDB Cluster on Windows
    • 18.3.3 Initial Configuration of NDB Cluster
    • 18.3.4 Initial Startup of NDB Cluster
    • 18.3.5 NDB Cluster Example with Tables and Data
    • 18.3.6 Safe Shutdown and Restart of NDB Cluster
    • 18.3.7 Upgrading and Downgrading NDB Cluster
    • 18.3.8 The NDB Cluster Auto-Installer (NO LONGER SUPPORTED)
  • 18.4 Configuration of NDB Cluster
    • 18.4.1 Quick Test Setup of NDB Cluster
    • 18.4.2 Overview of NDB Cluster Configuration Parameters, Options, and Variables
    • 18.4.3 NDB Cluster Configuration Files
    • 18.4.4 Using High-Speed Interconnects with NDB Cluster
  • 18.5 NDB Cluster Programs
    • 18.5.1 ndbd — The NDB Cluster Data Node Daemon
    • 18.5.2 ndbinfo_select_all — Select From ndbinfo Tables
    • 18.5.3 ndbmtd — The NDB Cluster Data Node Daemon (Multi-Threaded)
    • 18.5.4 ndb_mgmd — The NDB Cluster Management Server Daemon
    • 18.5.5 ndb_mgm — The NDB Cluster Management Client
    • 18.5.6 ndb_blob_tool — Check and Repair BLOB and TEXT columns of NDB Cluster Tables
    • 18.5.7 ndb_config — Extract NDB Cluster Configuration Information
    • 18.5.8 ndb_cpcd — Automate Testing for NDB Development
    • 18.5.9 ndb_delete_all — Delete All Rows from an NDB Table
    • 18.5.10 ndb_desc — Describe NDB Tables
    • 18.5.11 ndb_drop_index — Drop Index from an NDB Table
    • 18.5.12 ndb_drop_table — Drop an NDB Table
    • 18.5.13 ndb_error_reporter — NDB Error-Reporting Utility
    • 18.5.14 ndb_index_stat — NDB Index Statistics Utility
    • 18.5.15 ndb_move_data — NDB Data Copy Utility
    • 18.5.16 ndb_print_backup_file — Print NDB Backup File Contents
    • 18.5.17 ndb_print_file — Print NDB Disk Data File Contents
    • 18.5.18 ndb_print_frag_file — Print NDB Fragment List File Contents
    • 18.5.19 ndb_print_schema_file — Print NDB Schema File Contents
    • 18.5.20 ndb_print_sys_file — Print NDB System File Contents
    • 18.5.21 ndb_redo_log_reader — Check and Print Content of Cluster Redo Log
    • 18.5.22 ndb_restore — Restore an NDB Cluster Backup
    • 18.5.23 ndb_select_all — Print Rows from an NDB Table
    • 18.5.24 ndb_select_count — Print Row Counts for NDB Tables
    • 18.5.25 ndb_show_tables — Display List of NDB Tables
    • 18.5.26 ndb_size.pl — NDBCLUSTER Size Requirement Estimator
    • 18.5.27 ndb_waiter — Wait for NDB Cluster to Reach a Given Status
  • 18.6 Management of NDB Cluster
    • 18.6.1 Commands in the NDB Cluster Management Client
    • 18.6.2 NDB Cluster Log Messages
    • 18.6.3 Event Reports Generated in NDB Cluster
    • 18.6.4 Summary of NDB Cluster Start Phases
    • 18.6.5 Performing a Rolling Restart of an NDB Cluster
    • 18.6.6 NDB Cluster Single User Mode
    • 18.6.7 Adding NDB Cluster Data Nodes Online
    • 18.6.8 Online Backup of NDB Cluster
    • 18.6.9 Importing Data Into MySQL Cluster
    • 18.6.10 MySQL Server Usage for NDB Cluster
    • 18.6.11 NDB Cluster Disk Data Tables
    • 18.6.12 Online Operations with ALTER TABLE in NDB Cluster
    • 18.6.13 Distributed Privileges Using Shared Grant Tables
    • 18.6.14 NDB API Statistics Counters and Variables
    • 18.6.15 ndbinfo: The NDB Cluster Information Database
    • 18.6.16 Quick Reference: NDB Cluster SQL Statements
    • 18.6.17 NDB Cluster Security Issues
  • 18.7 NDB Cluster Replication
    • 18.7.1 NDB Cluster Replication: Abbreviations and Symbols
    • 18.7.2 General Requirements for NDB Cluster Replication
    • 18.7.3 Known Issues in NDB Cluster Replication
    • 18.7.4 NDB Cluster Replication Schema and Tables
    • 18.7.5 Preparing the NDB Cluster for Replication
    • 18.7.6 Starting NDB Cluster Replication (Single Replication Channel)
    • 18.7.7 Using Two Replication Channels for NDB Cluster Replication
    • 18.7.8 Implementing Failover with NDB Cluster Replication
    • 18.7.9 NDB Cluster Backups With NDB Cluster Replication
    • 18.7.10 NDB Cluster Replication: Bidirectional and Circular Replication
    • 18.7.11 NDB Cluster Replication Conflict Resolution
  • 18.8 NDB Cluster Release Notes
• 19 Partitioning
  • 19.1 Overview of Partitioning in MySQL
  • 19.2 Partitioning Types
    • 19.2.1 RANGE Partitioning
    • 19.2.2 LIST Partitioning
    • 19.2.3 COLUMNS Partitioning
    • 19.2.4 HASH Partitioning
    • 19.2.5 KEY Partitioning
    • 19.2.6 Subpartitioning
    • 19.2.7 How MySQL Partitioning Handles NULL
  • 19.3 Partition Management
    • 19.3.1 Management of RANGE and LIST Partitions
    • 19.3.2 Management of HASH and KEY Partitions
    • 19.3.3 Exchanging Partitions and Subpartitions with Tables
    • 19.3.4 Maintenance of Partitions
    • 19.3.5 Obtaining Information About Partitions
  • 19.4 Partition Pruning
  • 19.5 Partition Selection
  • 19.6 Restrictions and Limitations on Partitioning
    • 19.6.1 Partitioning Keys, Primary Keys, and Unique Keys
    • 19.6.2 Partitioning Limitations Relating to Storage Engines
    • 19.6.3 Partitioning Limitations Relating to Functions
    • 19.6.4 Partitioning and Locking
• 20 Stored Objects
  • 20.1 Defining Stored Programs
  • 20.2 Using Stored Routines
    • 20.2.1 Stored Routine Syntax
    • 20.2.2 Stored Routines and MySQL Privileges
    • 20.2.3 Stored Routine Metadata
    • 20.2.4 Stored Procedures, Functions, Triggers, and LAST_INSERT_ID()
  • 20.3 Using Triggers
    • 20.3.1 Trigger Syntax and Examples
    • 20.3.2 Trigger Metadata
  • 20.4 Using the Event Scheduler
    • 20.4.1 Event Scheduler Overview
    • 20.4.2 Event Scheduler Configuration
    • 20.4.3 Event Syntax
    • 20.4.4 Event Metadata
    • 20.4.5 Event Scheduler Status
    • 20.4.6 The Event Scheduler and MySQL Privileges
  • 20.5 Using Views
    • 20.5.1 View Syntax
    • 20.5.2 View Processing Algorithms
    • 20.5.3 Updatable and Insertable Views
    • 20.5.4 The View WITH CHECK OPTION Clause
    • 20.5.5 View Metadata
  • 20.6 Stored Object Access Control
  • 20.7 Stored Program Binary Logging
  • 20.8 Restrictions on Stored Programs
  • 20.9 Restrictions on Views
• 21 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables
  • 21.1 Introduction
  • 21.2 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Table Reference
  • 21.3 INFORMATION_SCHEMA General Tables
    • 21.3.1 INFORMATION_SCHEMA General Table Reference
    • 21.3.2 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA CHARACTER_SETS Table
    • 21.3.3 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATIONS Table
    • 21.3.4 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY Table
    • 21.3.5 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMNS Table
    • 21.3.6 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMN_PRIVILEGES Table
    • 21.3.7 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ENGINES Table
    • 21.3.8 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA EVENTS Table
    • 21.3.9 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA GLOBAL_STATUS and SESSION_STATUS Tables
    • 21.3.10 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA GLOBAL_VARIABLES and SESSION_VARIABLES Tables
    • 21.3.11 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA KEY_COLUMN_USAGE Table
    • 21.3.12 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA OPTIMIZER_TRACE Table
    • 21.3.13 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARAMETERS Table
    • 21.3.14 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARTITIONS Table
    • 21.3.15 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PLUGINS Table
    • 21.3.16 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PROCESSLIST Table
    • 21.3.17 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PROFILING Table
    • 21.3.18 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS Table
    • 21.3.19 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ROUTINES Table
    • 21.3.20 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMATA Table
    • 21.3.21 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES Table
    • 21.3.22 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA STATISTICS Table
    • 21.3.23 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLES Table
    • 21.3.24 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLESPACES Table
    • 21.3.25 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_CONSTRAINTS Table
    • 21.3.26 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_PRIVILEGES Table
    • 21.3.27 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TRIGGERS Table
    • 21.3.28 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA USER_PRIVILEGES Table
    • 21.3.29 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA VIEWS Table
  • 21.4 INFORMATION_SCHEMA InnoDB Tables
    • 21.4.1 INFORMATION_SCHEMA InnoDB Table Reference
    • 21.4.2 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE Table
    • 21.4.3 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE_LRU Table
    • 21.4.4 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_STATS Table
    • 21.4.5 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMP and INNODB_CMP_RESET Tables
    • 21.4.6 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMPMEM and INNODB_CMPMEM_RESET Tables
    • 21.4.7 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX and INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX_RESET Tables
    • 21.4.8 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_BEING_DELETED Table
    • 21.4.9 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_CONFIG Table
    • 21.4.10 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_DEFAULT_STOPWORD Table
    • 21.4.11 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_DELETED Table
    • 21.4.12 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_INDEX_CACHE Table
    • 21.4.13 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_INDEX_TABLE Table
    • 21.4.14 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_LOCKS Table
    • 21.4.15 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_LOCK_WAITS Table
    • 21.4.16 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_METRICS Table
    • 21.4.17 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_COLUMNS Table
    • 21.4.18 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_DATAFILES Table
    • 21.4.19 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_FIELDS Table
    • 21.4.20 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN Table
    • 21.4.21 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN_COLS Table
    • 21.4.22 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_INDEXES Table
    • 21.4.23 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_TABLES Table
    • 21.4.24 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_TABLESPACES Table
    • 21.4.25 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_TABLESTATS View
    • 21.4.26 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_TRX Table
  • 21.5 INFORMATION_SCHEMA NDB Cluster Tables
    • 21.5.1 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA FILES Table
    • 21.5.2 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ndb_transid_mysql_connection_map Table
  • 21.6 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Thread Pool Tables
    • 21.6.1 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Thread Pool Table Reference
    • 21.6.2 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TP_THREAD_GROUP_STATE Table
    • 21.6.3 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TP_THREAD_GROUP_STATS Table
    • 21.6.4 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TP_THREAD_STATE Table
  • 21.7 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Connection-Control Tables
    • 21.7.1 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Connection-Control Table Reference
    • 21.7.2 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA CONNECTION_CONTROL_FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS Table
  • 21.8 INFORMATION_SCHEMA MySQL Enterprise Firewall Tables
    • 21.8.1 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Firewall Table Reference
    • 21.8.2 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA MYSQL_FIREWALL_USERS Table
    • 21.8.3 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA MYSQL_FIREWALL_WHITELIST Table
  • 21.9 Extensions to SHOW Statements
• 22 MySQL Performance Schema
  • 22.1 Performance Schema Quick Start
  • 22.2 Performance Schema Build Configuration
  • 22.3 Performance Schema Startup Configuration
  • 22.4 Performance Schema Runtime Configuration
    • 22.4.1 Performance Schema Event Timing
    • 22.4.2 Performance Schema Event Filtering
    • 22.4.3 Event Pre-Filtering
    • 22.4.4 Pre-Filtering by Instrument
    • 22.4.5 Pre-Filtering by Object
    • 22.4.6 Pre-Filtering by Thread
    • 22.4.7 Pre-Filtering by Consumer
    • 22.4.8 Example Consumer Configurations
    • 22.4.9 Naming Instruments or Consumers for Filtering Operations
    • 22.4.10 Determining What Is Instrumented
  • 22.5 Performance Schema Queries
  • 22.6 Performance Schema Instrument Naming Conventions
  • 22.7 Performance Schema Status Monitoring
  • 22.8 Performance Schema Atom and Molecule Events
  • 22.9 Performance Schema Tables for Current and Historical Events
  • 22.10 Performance Schema Statement Digests
  • 22.11 Performance Schema General Table Characteristics
  • 22.12 Performance Schema Table Descriptions
    • 22.12.1 Performance Schema Table Reference
    • 22.12.2 Performance Schema Setup Tables
    • 22.12.3 Performance Schema Instance Tables
    • 22.12.4 Performance Schema Wait Event Tables
    • 22.12.5 Performance Schema Stage Event Tables
    • 22.12.6 Performance Schema Statement Event Tables
    • 22.12.7 Performance Schema Connection Tables
    • 22.12.8 Performance Schema Connection Attribute Tables
    • 22.12.9 Performance Schema Summary Tables
    • 22.12.10 Performance Schema Miscellaneous Tables
  • 22.13 Performance Schema Option and Variable Reference
  • 22.14 Performance Schema Command Options
  • 22.15 Performance Schema System Variables
  • 22.16 Performance Schema Status Variables
  • 22.17 Performance Schema and Plugins
  • 22.18 Using the Performance Schema to Diagnose Problems
    • 22.18.1 Query Profiling Using Performance Schema
  • 22.19 Restrictions on Performance Schema
• 23 Connectors and APIs
  • 23.1 MySQL Connector/C++
  • 23.2 MySQL Connector/J
  • 23.3 MySQL Connector/NET
  • 23.4 MySQL Connector/ODBC
  • 23.5 MySQL Connector/Python
  • 23.6 libmysqld, the Embedded MySQL Server Library
    • 23.6.1 Compiling Programs with libmysqld
    • 23.6.2 Restrictions When Using the Embedded MySQL Server
    • 23.6.3 Options with the Embedded Server
    • 23.6.4 Embedded Server Examples
  • 23.7 MySQL C API
  • 23.8 MySQL PHP API
  • 23.9 MySQL Perl API
  • 23.10 MySQL Python API
  • 23.11 MySQL Ruby APIs
    • 23.11.1 The MySQL/Ruby API
    • 23.11.2 The Ruby/MySQL API
  • 23.12 MySQL Tcl API
  • 23.13 MySQL Eiffel Wrapper
• 24 MySQL Enterprise Edition
  • 24.1 MySQL Enterprise Monitor Overview
  • 24.2 MySQL Enterprise Backup Overview
  • 24.3 MySQL Enterprise Security Overview
  • 24.4 MySQL Enterprise Encryption Overview
  • 24.5 MySQL Enterprise Audit Overview
  • 24.6 MySQL Enterprise Firewall Overview
  • 24.7 MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool Overview
  • 24.8 MySQL Enterprise Data Masking and De-Identification Overview
• 25 MySQL Workbench
• A MySQL 5.6 Frequently Asked Questions
  • A.1 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: General
  • A.2 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Storage Engines
  • A.3 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Server SQL Mode
  • A.4 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Stored Procedures and Functions
  • A.5 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Triggers
  • A.6 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Views
  • A.7 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: INFORMATION_SCHEMA
  • A.8 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Migration
  • A.9 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Security
  • A.10 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: NDB Cluster
  • A.11 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: MySQL Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Character Sets
  • A.12 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Connectors & APIs
  • A.13 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: C API, libmysql
  • A.14 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Replication
  • A.15 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool
  • A.16 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: InnoDB Change Buffer
  • A.17 MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Virtualization Support
• B Error Messages and Common Problems
  • B.1 Error Message Sources and Elements
  • B.2 Error Information Interfaces
  • B.3 Problems and Common Errors
    • B.3.1 How to Determine What Is Causing a Problem
    • B.3.2 Common Errors When Using MySQL Programs
    • B.3.3 Administration-Related Issues
    • B.3.4 Query-Related Issues
    • B.3.5 Optimizer-Related Issues
    • B.3.6 Table Definition-Related Issues
    • B.3.7 Known Issues in MySQL
• C Indexes
  • General Index
  • C Function Index
  • Command Index
  • Function Index
  • INFORMATION_SCHEMA Index
  • Join Types Index
  • Operator Index
  • Option Index
  • Privileges Index
  • SQL Modes Index
  • Statement/Syntax Index
  • Status Variable Index
  • System Variable Index
  • Transaction Isolation Level Index
• MySQL Glossary