现代管理科学理论：

Major Approaches to Management
3000 BC – 1776: Early Management
1911 – 1947 Late: Classical Approach
1700s – 1950s: Behavioral Approach
1940s – 1950s: Quantitative Approach
1960s – present: Contemporary Approaches

Contemporary(1960s – present) approaches:

• System approach
• Contingency approach
• Technology and Computerization

Quantitative(1940s – 1950s) approach:

• Early Advocates
• Hawthorne Studies
• Organizational Behavior

Behavioral(1700s – 1950s) Approach:

Classical(1911 – 1947 Late) Approaches:
Two major theories compose the classical approach:

• General Administrative: focuses on describing what managers do and what constitutes good management practice
• Scientific Management: involves using the scientific method to find the “one best way” for a job to be done
  emphasized rationality of individuals
  and making organizations and workers as efficient as possible.

Historical(3000 BC – 1776) Backgroud:

• Early Examples of Management
• Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations
• Industrial Revolution

Principles of Scientific Management, Frederick Taylor, published in 1991

• Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work,
  to replace the old rule-of-thumb method.
• Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.
• Heartily cooperate with the workers to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principles of the science that has been developed.
• Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers.

Management does all work for which it is better suited than the workers.
Source: F. W. Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management (New York: Harper, 1911).

General Administrative Theory:
General administrative theory focused more on:

• what managers do,
• what defined good management practice.

Henri Fayol
he first identified five functions that managers perform:

• planning,
• organizing,
• commanding,
• coordinating and controlling.

Fayol wrote during the same time period as Taylor.
While Taylor was concerned with first-line managers and the scientific method,
Fayol’s attention was directed at the activities of all managers.
He wrote from his personal experience as the managing director of a large French coal-mining firm.
Fayol described the practice of management as something distinct from:
accounting, finance, production, distribution, and other typical business functions.
His belief that management was an activity common to all business endeavors, government, and even the home led him to develop fourteen principles of management— fundamental rules of management that could be applied to all organizational situations and taught in schools.
These principles are shown in Exhibit MH-3.

Max Weber (pronounced VAY-ber)
was a German sociologist who studied organizations.
Writing in the early 1900s, he developed__a theory of authority structures and relations based on an ideal type of organization__ he called a bureaucracy—a form of organization characterized by:

• division of labor
• a clearly defined hierarchy,
• detailed rules and regulations,
• and impersonal relationships.